Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development

This paper critically examines the global rise of violent extremism and terrorism, its structural drivers, and its profound implications for security and development, with a particular focus on the African continent and Nigeria. Beginning with an exploration of global trends, the study analyzes the evolution of terrorism from ideologically driven and hierarchical networks to more decentralized, transnational, and technologically sophisticated formations. It identifies core drivers such as ideological radicalization, political repression, socio-economic marginalization, and the use of digital platforms for recruitment and propaganda. The paper then contextualizes these dynamics within Africa, highlighting regional vulnerabilities including weak governance, porous borders, environmental stressors, and fragile institutions. Particular attention is given to terrorist hotspots such as the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and the Lake Chad Basin; Nigeria is examined in depth as a case study, exploring the rise of Boko Haram and ISWAP, the state's military and non-military responses, and the broader socio-political and humanitarian consequences of protracted insurgency. Through an evidence-based policy framework, the paper presents actionable recommendations aimed at enhancing regional cooperation, socioeconomic resilience, counter-radicalization, community engagement, justice sector reform, and gender-inclusive peace building. The study concludes that a sustainable response to violent extremism must move beyond military containment toward a holistic strategy that addresses root causes, rebuilds trust in public institutions, and empowers affected communities.

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